Difference between revisions of "Waveguides"

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(Created page with "{{metamodel|waveguides}} {{mytexdefs}} == Introduction == This academic example introduces the numerical solution of eigenvalue problems. The Helmholtz equation (scalar and...")
 
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== Introduction ==
 
== Introduction ==
−
 
−
This academic example introduces the numerical solution of eigenvalue problems.
 
−
The Helmholtz equation (scalar and vector versions) is considered with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions,
 
−
for different basic geometries (i.e. linear, squared, circular and cuboid domain).
 
−
These problems have a family of solutions. The eigenvalue solver used for this example
 
−
provide the first eigenvalues and the associated eigenfunctions (i.e. the first possible solutions).
 
  
 
  $\rightarrow$ To run the example, open '''main.pro''' with Gmsh.
 
  $\rightarrow$ To run the example, open '''main.pro''' with Gmsh.
Line 15: Line 9:
 
== Description of the problem ==
 
== Description of the problem ==
  
−
==== Mathematical and numerical formulations ====
+
==== Classical waveguides ====
 +
 
 +
:{| class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" width="80%" style="text-align:left"
 +
!General waveguide
 +
|-
 +
|  Let us consider a hollow cylindrical waveguide of arbitrary cross-sectional shape that has a principal axis in the $z$-direction.
 +
The elementary solution of this problem reads
 +
\begin{align}
 +
  {\bf E}(x,y,z,t) &= {\bf E}(x,y) \: e^{i(\pm kz-\omega t)} \\
 +
  {\bf H}(x,y,z,t) &= {\bf H}(x,y) \: e^{i(\pm kz-\omega t)}
 +
\end{align}
 +
where the new unknowns are governed by
 +
\begin{align}
 +
  \left[\nabla_t^2 + (\mu\varepsilon\omega^2 - k^2)\right] \left\{\begin{array}{x}{\bf E}\\{\bf H}\end{array}\right\} = 0
 +
\end{align}
 +
where $\nabla_t$ is the transverse part of the Nabla operator.
 +
 
 +
''' Parallel and transverse fields '''
 +
 
 +
It is useful to separate the fields into components parallel to and transverse to the $z$-direction:
 +
\begin{align}
 +
  {\bf E} &= {\bf E}_z + {\bf E}_t && \text{with } {\bf E}_z = {E}_z \hat{\bf z} \\
 +
  {\bf H} &={\bf H}_z + {\bf H}_t && \text{with } {\bf H}_z = {H}_z \hat{\bf z}
 +
\end{align}
 +
 
 +
Some well-known cases:
 +
* Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves: if ${E}_z=0$ and ${H}_z=0$ everywhere
 +
* Transverse magnetic (TM) waves: if ${H}_z=0$ everywhere
 +
* Transverse electric (TE) waves: if ${E}_z=0$ everywhere
 +
 
 +
If both parallel fields are vanishing (TEM case), the transverse fields are the solution of an electrostatic problem in two dimensions.
 +
 
 +
If at least one parallel field is non-vanishing, the transverse fields are
 +
\begin{align}
 +
  {\bf E}_t &= \frac{i}{\mu\varepsilon\omega^2-k^2} \left[\pm\:k\:\nabla_t{E}_z - \mu\omega\:\hat{\bf z}\times\nabla_t{H}_z\right] \\
 +
  {\bf H}_t &= \frac{i}{\mu\varepsilon\omega^2-k^2} \left[\pm\:k\:\nabla_t{H}_z + \varepsilon\omega\:\hat{\bf z}\times\nabla_t{E}_z\right]
 +
\end{align}
 +
 
 +
In TEM, TM and TE cases, the transverse fields are related by
 +
\begin{equation}
 +
  {\bf H}_t = \pm\frac{1}{Z} \hat{\bf z}\times{\bf E}_t
 +
\end{equation}
 +
where the wave impedance $Z$ is given by
 +
\begin{equation}
 +
  Z=
 +
  \left\{\begin{array}{ll}
 +
    \sqrt{\frac{\mu}{\varepsilon}} &\quad \text{(TEM case)} \\
 +
    \frac{k}{k_0} \sqrt{\frac{\mu}{\varepsilon}} &\quad \text{(TM case)} \\
 +
    \frac{k_0}{k} \sqrt{\frac{\mu}{\varepsilon}} &\quad \text{(TE case)}
 +
  \end{array}\right.
 +
\end{equation}
 +
with $k_0=\omega\sqrt{\mu\varepsilon}$.
 +
 
 +
''' Eigenvalue problem '''
 +
 
 +
For a waveguide with perfectly conducting borders, the non-vanishing parallel field of TM and TE cases
 +
is governed by, respectively,
 +
\begin{align}
 +
  \left[\nabla_t^2 + \gamma^2\right] {E}_z &= 0 \\
 +
  \left[\nabla_t^2 + \gamma^2\right] {H}_z &= 0
 +
\end{align}
 +
with $\gamma^2 = \mu\varepsilon\omega^2 - k^2$,
 +
and is subject to the homogeneous boundary condition ${E}_z=0$ (TM case) or ${\bf n}\cdot\nabla{H}_z = 0$ (TE case).
 +
 
 +
These equations define eigenvalue problems.
 +
There is a spectrum of eigenvalues $\gamma^2_\ell$ and corresponding solutions $\left.E_z\right|_\ell$ or $\left.H_z\right|_\ell$, $\ell=1,2,...$,
 +
which form an orthogonal set. For a given frequency $\omega$, the wave number $k$ is determined for each $\ell$:
 +
\begin{equation}
 +
  k_\ell
 +
    = \sqrt{\mu\varepsilon\omega^2-\gamma^2_\ell}
 +
    = \sqrt{\mu\varepsilon} \sqrt{\omega^2-\omega^2_\ell}
 +
\end{equation}
 +
where $\omega_\ell$ is the cutoff frequency, defined by
 +
\begin{equation}
 +
  \omega_\ell=\frac{\gamma_\ell}{\sqrt{\mu\varepsilon}}
 +
\end{equation}
 +
This frequency defines the nature of waves:
 +
* If $\omega>\omega_\ell$, $k_\ell$ is real and the waves are travelling modes.
 +
* If $\omega<\omega_\ell$, $k_\ell$ is imaginary and the waves are evanescent modes.
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
:{| class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" width="80%" style="text-align:left"
 +
!Rectangular waveguide
 +
|-
 +
|  Let us consider a rectangular waveguide $(x,y)\in[0,a]\times[0,b]$
 +
that has a principal axis in the $z-$direction.
 +
* For TM modes, the solutions for $E_z$ are
 +
\begin{align}
 +
  \left.E_z\right|_{mn} &= E_0 \sin\left(\frac{m\pi x}{a}\right) \sin\left(\frac{n\pi y}{b}\right) e^{ikz-i\omega t} && \text{with } m,n=0,1,2,...
 +
\end{align}
 +
* For TE modes, the solutions for $H_z$ are
 +
\begin{align}
 +
  \left.H_z\right|_{mn} &= H_0 \cos\left(\frac{m\pi x}{a}\right) \cos\left(\frac{n\pi y}{b}\right) e^{ikz-i\omega t} && \text{with } m,n=0,1,2,...
 +
\end{align}
 +
In both cases, the eigenvalues and the cutoff frequencies are, respectively,
 +
\begin{align}
 +
  \gamma_{mn}^2 &= \pi^2\left(\frac{m^2}{a^2}+\frac{n^2}{b^2}\right) && \text{with } m,n=0,1,2,... \\
 +
  \omega_{mn}^2 &= \frac{\pi}{\sqrt{\mu\varepsilon}}\sqrt{\frac{m^2}{a^2}+\frac{n^2}{b^2}} && \text{with } m,n=0,1,2,...
 +
\end{align}
 +
The complete solution for the TM<sub>10</sub> and TE<sub>10</sub> modes are, respectively,
 +
\begin{align}
 +
  \begin{cases}
 +
    \displaystyle E_z = E_0 \sin\left(\frac{\pi x}{a}\right) e^{ikz-i\omega t} \\
 +
    \displaystyle E_x = i\frac{ka}{\pi} E_0 \cos\left(\frac{\pi x}{a}\right) e^{ikz-i\omega t} \\
 +
    \displaystyle H_y = i\frac{\varepsilon\omega a}{\pi} E_0 \cos\left(\frac{\pi x}{a}\right) e^{ikz-i\omega t}
 +
  \end{cases}
 +
  \quad\quad\text{and}\quad\quad
 +
  \begin{cases}
 +
    \displaystyle H_z = H_0 \cos\left(\frac{\pi x}{a}\right) e^{ikz-i\omega t} \\
 +
    \displaystyle H_x = -i\frac{ka}{\pi} H_0 \sin\left(\frac{\pi x}{a}\right) e^{ikz-i\omega t} \\
 +
    \displaystyle E_y =i\frac{\mu\omega a}{\pi} H_0 \sin\left(\frac{\pi x}{a}\right) e^{ikz-i\omega t}
 +
  \end{cases}
 +
\end{align}
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
==== Discontinuities and networks ====
 +
 
 +
 
 +
:{| class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" width="80%" style="text-align:left"
 +
!Discontinuity in a parallel-plate waveguide
 +
|-
 +
|  See <ref name=Jin2002 />, section 4.6.1.
 +
 
 +
* Solution for the TE mode
 +
\begin{align}
 +
  H_z &= H_0 e^{-jk_0 x} + R H_0 e^{jk_0 x} && \text{at } x=x_1 \\
 +
  H_z &= T H_0 e^{-jk_0 x} && \text{at } x=x_2
 +
\end{align}
 +
 
 +
* Boundary conditions
 +
\begin{align}
 +
  \partial_x H_z &= jk_0 H_z - 2jk_0H_0 e^{-jk_0 x} && \text{at } x=x_1 \\
 +
  \partial_x H_z &= -jk_0 H_z && \text{at } x=x_2
 +
\end{align}
 +
 
 +
* Reflection and transmission coefficients
 +
\begin{align}
 +
  R &= \left.\frac{H_z - H_0 e^{-jk_0x}}{H_0 e^{ jk_0 x}}\right|_{x=x_1} \\
 +
  T &= \left.\frac{H_z}{H_0 e^{-jk_0 x}}\right|_{x=x_2}
 +
\end{align}
 +
: with $|R|^2+|T|^2=1$.
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
:{| class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" width="80%" style="text-align:left"
 +
!Waveguide with discontinuities
 +
|-
 +
|  See <ref name=Jin2002 />, section 8.5.
 +
 
 +
* Solution for the TE$_{mn}$ mode
 +
\begin{align}
 +
  {\bf E}(x,y,z) &= E_0 {\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) e^{-jk_{z_{mn}} z} + R E_0 {\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) e^{jk_{z_{mn}} z} && \text{at } z=z_1 \\
 +
  {\bf E}(x,y,z) &= T E_0 {\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) e^{-jk_{z_{mn}} z} && \text{at } z=z_2
 +
\end{align}
 +
 
 +
* Reflection and transmission coefficients
 +
\begin{align}
 +
  R &= \left.\frac{{\bf E}(x,y,z) - E_0 {\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) e^{-jk_{z_{10}}z}}{E_0 {\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) e^{jk_{z_{10}}z}}\right|_{z=z_1} \\
 +
  T &= \left.\frac{{\bf E}(x,y,z)}{E_0 {\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) e^{-jk_{z_{10}}z}}\right|_{z=z_2}
 +
\end{align}
 +
: with $|R|^2+|T|^2=1$.
 +
 
 +
* Reflection and transmission coefficients (improved - the dominant mode $mn$ - using the orthogonality properties of modes)
 +
\begin{align}
 +
  R &= \frac{e^{-jk_{z_{mn}}z_1}}{E_0} \frac{\int_{S_1}{\bf E}(x,y,z)\cdot{\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) \: dS}{\int_{S_1}{\bf e}_{mn}(x,y)\cdot{\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) \: dS} - e^{-2jk_{z_{mn}}z_1}\\
 +
  T &= \frac{e^{jk_{z_{mn}}z_2}}{E_0}  \frac{\int_{S_2}{\bf E}(x,y,z)\cdot{\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) \: dS}{\int_{S_2}{\bf e}_{mn}(x,y)\cdot{\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) \: dS}
 +
\end{align}
 +
: with $|R|^2+|T|^2=1$.
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
==== Numerical resolution ====
 +
 
  
−
==== Waveguides ====
 
  
 
== Some results ==
 
== Some results ==
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<references>
 
<references>
  
−
<ref name=Evans2010> L.C. Evans, ''Partial Differential Equations''. Second edition. American Mathematical Society, 2010</ref>
 
 
<ref name=Jin2002> J. Jin, ''The Finite Element Method in Electromagnetics''. Second edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2002</ref>
 
<ref name=Jin2002> J. Jin, ''The Finite Element Method in Electromagnetics''. Second edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2002</ref>
  
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−
{{metamodelfooter|academic_eigenvalues}}
+
{{metamodelfooter|waveguides}}

Revision as of 10:43, 15 March 2014

2D and 3D models of metallic waveguides

Download model archive (waveguides.zip)
Browse individual model files

\(\renewcommand{\vec}[1]{\mathbf{#1}} \newcommand{\Grad}[1]{\mathbf{\text{grad}}\,{#1}} \newcommand{\Curl}[1]{\mathbf{\text{curl}}\,{#1}} \newcommand{\Div}[1]{\text{div}\,{#1}} \newcommand{\Real}[1]{\text{Re}({#1})} \newcommand{\Imag}[1]{\text{Im}({#1})} \newcommand{\pvec}[2]{{#1}\times{#2}} \newcommand{\psca}[2]{{#1}\cdot{#2}} \newcommand{\E}[1]{\,10^{#1}} \newcommand{\Ethree}{{\mathbb{E}^3}} \newcommand{\Etwo}{{\mathbb{E}^2}} \newcommand{\Units}[1]{[\mathrm{#1}]} \)

Introduction

$\rightarrow$ To run the example, open main.pro with Gmsh.

Description of the problem

Classical waveguides

General waveguide
Let us consider a hollow cylindrical waveguide of arbitrary cross-sectional shape that has a principal axis in the $z$-direction.

The elementary solution of this problem reads \begin{align} {\bf E}(x,y,z,t) &= {\bf E}(x,y) \: e^{i(\pm kz-\omega t)} \\ {\bf H}(x,y,z,t) &= {\bf H}(x,y) \: e^{i(\pm kz-\omega t)} \end{align} where the new unknowns are governed by \begin{align} \left[\nabla_t^2 + (\mu\varepsilon\omega^2 - k^2)\right] \left\{\begin{array}{x}{\bf E}\\{\bf H}\end{array}\right\} = 0 \end{align} where $\nabla_t$ is the transverse part of the Nabla operator.

Parallel and transverse fields

It is useful to separate the fields into components parallel to and transverse to the $z$-direction: \begin{align} {\bf E} &= {\bf E}_z + {\bf E}_t && \text{with } {\bf E}_z = {E}_z \hat{\bf z} \\ {\bf H} &={\bf H}_z + {\bf H}_t && \text{with } {\bf H}_z = {H}_z \hat{\bf z} \end{align}

Some well-known cases:

  • Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves: if ${E}_z=0$ and ${H}_z=0$ everywhere
  • Transverse magnetic (TM) waves: if ${H}_z=0$ everywhere
  • Transverse electric (TE) waves: if ${E}_z=0$ everywhere

If both parallel fields are vanishing (TEM case), the transverse fields are the solution of an electrostatic problem in two dimensions.

If at least one parallel field is non-vanishing, the transverse fields are \begin{align} {\bf E}_t &= \frac{i}{\mu\varepsilon\omega^2-k^2} \left[\pm\:k\:\nabla_t{E}_z - \mu\omega\:\hat{\bf z}\times\nabla_t{H}_z\right] \\ {\bf H}_t &= \frac{i}{\mu\varepsilon\omega^2-k^2} \left[\pm\:k\:\nabla_t{H}_z + \varepsilon\omega\:\hat{\bf z}\times\nabla_t{E}_z\right] \end{align}

In TEM, TM and TE cases, the transverse fields are related by \begin{equation} {\bf H}_t = \pm\frac{1}{Z} \hat{\bf z}\times{\bf E}_t \end{equation} where the wave impedance $Z$ is given by \begin{equation} Z= \left\{\begin{array}{ll} \sqrt{\frac{\mu}{\varepsilon}} &\quad \text{(TEM case)} \\ \frac{k}{k_0} \sqrt{\frac{\mu}{\varepsilon}} &\quad \text{(TM case)} \\ \frac{k_0}{k} \sqrt{\frac{\mu}{\varepsilon}} &\quad \text{(TE case)} \end{array}\right. \end{equation} with $k_0=\omega\sqrt{\mu\varepsilon}$.

Eigenvalue problem

For a waveguide with perfectly conducting borders, the non-vanishing parallel field of TM and TE cases is governed by, respectively, \begin{align} \left[\nabla_t^2 + \gamma^2\right] {E}_z &= 0 \\ \left[\nabla_t^2 + \gamma^2\right] {H}_z &= 0 \end{align} with $\gamma^2 = \mu\varepsilon\omega^2 - k^2$, and is subject to the homogeneous boundary condition ${E}_z=0$ (TM case) or ${\bf n}\cdot\nabla{H}_z = 0$ (TE case).

These equations define eigenvalue problems. There is a spectrum of eigenvalues $\gamma^2_\ell$ and corresponding solutions $\left.E_z\right|_\ell$ or $\left.H_z\right|_\ell$, $\ell=1,2,...$, which form an orthogonal set. For a given frequency $\omega$, the wave number $k$ is determined for each $\ell$: \begin{equation} k_\ell = \sqrt{\mu\varepsilon\omega^2-\gamma^2_\ell} = \sqrt{\mu\varepsilon} \sqrt{\omega^2-\omega^2_\ell} \end{equation} where $\omega_\ell$ is the cutoff frequency, defined by \begin{equation} \omega_\ell=\frac{\gamma_\ell}{\sqrt{\mu\varepsilon}} \end{equation} This frequency defines the nature of waves:

  • If $\omega>\omega_\ell$, $k_\ell$ is real and the waves are travelling modes.
  • If $\omega<\omega_\ell$, $k_\ell$ is imaginary and the waves are evanescent modes.
Rectangular waveguide
Let us consider a rectangular waveguide $(x,y)\in[0,a]\times[0,b]$

that has a principal axis in the $z-$direction.

  • For TM modes, the solutions for $E_z$ are

\begin{align} \left.E_z\right|_{mn} &= E_0 \sin\left(\frac{m\pi x}{a}\right) \sin\left(\frac{n\pi y}{b}\right) e^{ikz-i\omega t} && \text{with } m,n=0,1,2,... \end{align}

  • For TE modes, the solutions for $H_z$ are

\begin{align} \left.H_z\right|_{mn} &= H_0 \cos\left(\frac{m\pi x}{a}\right) \cos\left(\frac{n\pi y}{b}\right) e^{ikz-i\omega t} && \text{with } m,n=0,1,2,... \end{align} In both cases, the eigenvalues and the cutoff frequencies are, respectively, \begin{align} \gamma_{mn}^2 &= \pi^2\left(\frac{m^2}{a^2}+\frac{n^2}{b^2}\right) && \text{with } m,n=0,1,2,... \\ \omega_{mn}^2 &= \frac{\pi}{\sqrt{\mu\varepsilon}}\sqrt{\frac{m^2}{a^2}+\frac{n^2}{b^2}} && \text{with } m,n=0,1,2,... \end{align} The complete solution for the TM10 and TE10 modes are, respectively, \begin{align} \begin{cases} \displaystyle E_z = E_0 \sin\left(\frac{\pi x}{a}\right) e^{ikz-i\omega t} \\ \displaystyle E_x = i\frac{ka}{\pi} E_0 \cos\left(\frac{\pi x}{a}\right) e^{ikz-i\omega t} \\ \displaystyle H_y = i\frac{\varepsilon\omega a}{\pi} E_0 \cos\left(\frac{\pi x}{a}\right) e^{ikz-i\omega t} \end{cases} 

 \quad\quad\text{and}\quad\quad
  \begin{cases}
    \displaystyle H_z = H_0 \cos\left(\frac{\pi x}{a}\right) e^{ikz-i\omega t} \\
    \displaystyle H_x = -i\frac{ka}{\pi} H_0 \sin\left(\frac{\pi x}{a}\right) e^{ikz-i\omega t} \\
    \displaystyle E_y =i\frac{\mu\omega a}{\pi} H_0 \sin\left(\frac{\pi x}{a}\right) e^{ikz-i\omega t}
  \end{cases}

\end{align}

Discontinuities and networks

Discontinuity in a parallel-plate waveguide
See [1], section 4.6.1.
  • Solution for the TE mode

\begin{align} H_z &= H_0 e^{-jk_0 x} + R H_0 e^{jk_0 x} && \text{at } x=x_1 \\ H_z &= T H_0 e^{-jk_0 x} && \text{at } x=x_2 \end{align}

  • Boundary conditions

\begin{align} \partial_x H_z &= jk_0 H_z - 2jk_0H_0 e^{-jk_0 x} && \text{at } x=x_1 \\ \partial_x H_z &= -jk_0 H_z && \text{at } x=x_2 \end{align}

  • Reflection and transmission coefficients

\begin{align} R &= \left.\frac{H_z - H_0 e^{-jk_0x}}{H_0 e^{ jk_0 x}}\right|_{x=x_1} \\ T &= \left.\frac{H_z}{H_0 e^{-jk_0 x}}\right|_{x=x_2} \end{align}

with $|R|^2+|T|^2=1$.
Waveguide with discontinuities
See [1], section 8.5.
  • Solution for the TE$_{mn}$ mode

\begin{align} {\bf E}(x,y,z) &= E_0 {\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) e^{-jk_{z_{mn}} z} + R E_0 {\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) e^{jk_{z_{mn}} z} && \text{at } z=z_1 \\ {\bf E}(x,y,z) &= T E_0 {\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) e^{-jk_{z_{mn}} z} && \text{at } z=z_2 \end{align}

  • Reflection and transmission coefficients

\begin{align} R &= \left.\frac{{\bf E}(x,y,z) - E_0 {\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) e^{-jk_{z_{10}}z}}{E_0 {\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) e^{jk_{z_{10}}z}}\right|_{z=z_1} \\ T &= \left.\frac{{\bf E}(x,y,z)}{E_0 {\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) e^{-jk_{z_{10}}z}}\right|_{z=z_2} \end{align}

with $|R|^2+|T|^2=1$.
  • Reflection and transmission coefficients (improved - the dominant mode $mn$ - using the orthogonality properties of modes)

\begin{align} R &= \frac{e^{-jk_{z_{mn}}z_1}}{E_0} \frac{\int_{S_1}{\bf E}(x,y,z)\cdot{\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) \: dS}{\int_{S_1}{\bf e}_{mn}(x,y)\cdot{\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) \: dS} - e^{-2jk_{z_{mn}}z_1}\\ T &= \frac{e^{jk_{z_{mn}}z_2}}{E_0} \frac{\int_{S_2}{\bf E}(x,y,z)\cdot{\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) \: dS}{\int_{S_2}{\bf e}_{mn}(x,y)\cdot{\bf e}_{mn}(x,y) \: dS} \end{align}

with $|R|^2+|T|^2=1$.

Numerical resolution

Some results

Here are some snapshots.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 J. Jin, The Finite Element Method in Electromagnetics. Second edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2002


Model developed by A. Modave, B. Klein and C. Geuzaine

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